Liar, Liar, Pants on Fire

The film The Invention of Lying ultimately argues that lies are necessary and even perhaps good, that they enrich our lives in meaningful ways, that they bring us happiness and peace. Bruce Muzik in his TEDx Talk "The BIG Secret Nobody Wants to Tell" argues the opposite. He posits that we are all liars but challenges us to own up to our lies, to expose ourselves for who we really are to the world, and that only through this process of pure honesty can we find peace and happiness and a sense of "aliveness."

Consider your own opinions about the truth and about lies. What role does each play in your life, in our world? Are lies necessary to our existence? Can we ever be truly "authentic" as liars? What would our world look like without lies? Would you want to live in that world?

As you consider these questions, conduct an experiment to test your beliefs on this issue. Try to go one full day (24 hours) without telling a single lie or practicing deceit in any way. Or, if you prefer, keep track of the falsehoods you tell, however big or small, and analyze your motives. Why do you lie?

Use the results of your experiment to support your answers to the question above.

Anti-Intellectualism: The Death of America?

Future Leaders of the World

It's no secret that Americans are getting dumber by the decade. Not only is the intelligence of the average American waning, Americans celebrate their own stupidity. As a nation whose average college-educated citizens can only read at a fifth grade level, we are continually finding new ways to dumb down just about everything. In fact, even as standardized tests are intentionally made easier so Americans can appear smarter to each other and the rest of the world, average test scores are still declining. Some argue that right-wing conservatives have a calculated agenda against education, commonly referred to as anti-intellectualism. The theory goes that the rich and powerful, because of their desire to remain rich and powerful, have a vested interest in keeping the rest of the country ignorant and powerless.

Consider Paul Krugman's argument in last Thursday's New York Times, for example. He argues that there is a war on education. One facebooker responded to Krugman this way:

          There's a vested interest in keeping America dumb. It strengthens the class divide, which I assume
          the majority of those on the more economically gluttonous would prefer. It makes the majority of
          average Americans more easily persuaded to vote against their own best interests. And if I recall
          correctly, a large percentage of the armed services comes from poor, disadvantaged and otherwise
          under-serviced segments of society. Couching even part of this invitation to willful ignorance - even
          active disdain of smart or educated people - in *religion* concerns the bejeezus out of me.

You might disagree with Krugman's argument. But what if he and millions of other Americans who believe there is an anti-intellectualism conspiracy afoot are right? 

More and more often teachers labeled as "hard" or "tough graders" are being censured by apathetic and falsely entitled students who think they should "get" (as opposed to earning)  A's or at least passing grades simply for showing up to class and turning "something" in for homework assignments. Students are more likely to view college as a place you "buy" a degree than as a place where learning takes place as their critical and creative thinking skills are honed for the purpose of inventing new ideas and creating new knowledge. When many students claim that the most superficial analyses are just "reading too much into it," whatever "it" may be at the time, how will we ever raise a nation of thinkers?

While education is, for the most part, intrinsically linked to social class and individual economic success, our political leaders are slashing education budgets and student financial aid. Meanwhile, the cost of a college education has risen almost 500% over the last 30 years while the national rate of inflation for other goods and services has only been 115% since that time (Inflation Data). Thirty years ago, the average American citizen could expect to earn a degree s/he could afford without incurring mounting debt and that degree all but guaranteed that individual a job that earned a salary that would support a middle class existence. Now, tuition soars higher every year, more and more students must take out loans as financial aid is cut, and that degree gives its owner no guarantee of a job at all much less one that would sustain a middle class lifestyle.

Who's fault is all this?

If our nation is going to derail its current trajectory toward the world Mike Judge depicts in his scathing satire Idiocracy, everyone of us must commit ourselves to our own, individual educations, whether that is in a college or books we check out from the local library or free online lectures from TED, MIT Open Courseware, Academic Earth, and others where the world's most intelligent minds share their knowledge for free. A renewed passion for intellectualism might be the only thing that will save our country from this bleak fate.

What is your attitude about education and the future of our country? If the Joe Bauers (aka Not Sure) of this world remained steeped in apathy and ignorance, what will become of us? What will become of your children, of their children and their children's children?

A Question of Fidelity

Some people believe that in order for a film adaptation to be “good,” it must be faithful to the original work. Some filmmakers adhere to this philosophy. Kenneth Branagh, whose film adaptations of several of Shakespeare’s play have aimed for a strict adherence to the original work, is an excellent example. However, many experts strongly disagree. William Goldman says, “There has never in the history of the world been a movie that’s really been like the book.” Deborah Cartmell and Imelda Whelehan make a similar argument in The Cambridge Companion to Literature on Screen: “Explicit in all these works is a desire to free our notion of film adaptations from this dependency on literature so that adaptations are not derided as sycophantic, derivative, and therefore inferior to their literary counterparts.” In fact, most people will typically argue that “the book is better” when discussing film adaptations.

In considering this debate more analytically, now with a better understanding of the artistic differences between these mediums and the limitations of each, which camp are you in? Should film adaptations strictly adhere to the original work, or should the director have the artistic freedom to reimagine the story to create a completely new, unique narrative?

 To help you decide, consider the following questions:

· Should fidelity to the original work be the foremost concern of a film adaptation?
· Should fidelity to the original work even be a concern at all?
· Is an accurate depiction of an original story whether fiction or nonfiction more important than the artistic and interpretive retelling of that story?
· Does translating a story from one medium into another necessitate change to the story itself?
· How much of a story’s integrity can be maintained when retelling it in a new medium?

Finally, consider Spike Jonze’s film Adaptation. What camp do you think Jonze is in? How does his film comment on the complexities of film adaptation? What connection does he argue between the process of film adaptation and evolution, and how does this support his views on adapting other works into films?

 

The Will Ferrell Experiment

In The Art of Watching Films, Dennis Petrie and Joseph Boggs claim that “One of the most difficult prejudices to overcome is that which leads us to dismiss certain categories of films,” and we certainly can acknowledge the veracity of at least half of that claim. We make decisions about what we like and dislike oftentimes based on limited experiences, and we then allow ourselves to be guided almost entirely by those snap judgments. One person catches twenty minutes of an old black and white film as an adolescent and then categorically rejects black and white films from his future movie choices. Another is forced to endure an annual television viewing of The Sound of Music with her family and, having heard “Do-Re-Mi” a few hundred too many times, refuses to ever see a musical again. We make similar judgments about actors, directors, and styles of film. But are we really ensuring that we don’t waste time watching movies we know we’ll hate, or are we limiting our opportunities to experience different worldviews, potentially great art, or even just some great entertainment? When we limit ourselves based on the film prejudices we’ve developed throughout our lives, what are we missing out on?
 

Once upon a time, I hated Will Ferrell. Well, “hate” is a strong word, but I certainly did not appreciate his style of humor. "He's stupid," I thought. (Real mature attitude there, teach.) I refused to watch any movie he played a major role in. Then one day, I decided to give him another chance. I was bored and had time to kill. I couldn’t find anything that grabbed my attention at the video store, so I rent a copy of Elf.

That was nine years ago, and to this day, Elf remains part of my annual Christmas movie marathon. In fact, I usually watch it at least twice every holiday season. After that, I was open to viewing more Will Ferrell films, and Stranger Than Fiction joined my list of all-time favorite movies as well. What if I had continued to let my prejudice dictate my movie choices? I would have missed out on some of my favorite entertainment, not to mention a profoundly intellectual and philosophical insight into two of my favorite mediums of entertainment—film and literature. Now when I catch myself dismissing a movie because of a particular actor, I refer to my Will Ferrell experiment as a reminder that my original assumptions may not be correct. In fact, I have to tell myself this every time I see that Rene Zellwegger is in a film. (She's sooooo annoying!) I haven't given up on her, but she has failed to win me over yet.

Consider your own film prejudices. Before watching Stranger Than Fiction, what did you expect from the film? What did you expect the experience of watching the film would be like? How well did you expect to enjoy the movie? Did your preconceived beliefs about the film change after watching it? Why or why not?

Like literature, music, or any other art form, some movies are created with the primary purpose of entertainment while others are meant to be more artistic and profound. But every film has the potential to be both entertaining and enlightening if we are willing to suspend our personal prejudices and approach it analytically. Some people believe that analysis voids our ability to enjoy a book, a song, or even a movie, but the opposite is actually true. Analysis deepens our appreciation and allows us to sharpen our judgments. With this understanding, contrast your personal opinion with your analysis of Stranger Than Fiction. In what ways is your personal opinion of the movie different from your "professional" opinion of it? In other words, how well did the film measure up to your individual standards vs. how well it stood up under artistic scrutiny?

Not Another Award-Winning Movie?

Describe your initial reaction to the trailer. Did you like it? Dislike it? Agree? Disagree? Was it funny? A waste of your time? Would you repost it on facebook because it was so incredibly awesome?

Now analyze your response to the parody. If you like it, why? If you felt it was a complete waste of your time, why? If you found it funny, what made it so?

Finally, what elements of the trailer resonate truths that are congruent with your own beliefs about the film industry? The “Award-Winning Movie Trailer” operates under the assumption that the “best” films all follow the same predictable storytelling patterns, that creating an award-winning movie is really more about following a formula. (Keep this in mind later when we watch Adaptation.) It satirizes academy award-winning movies in a similar way as movies like Scary Movie, Not another Teen Movie, and Dance Flick satirize their more serious counterparts by mocking the formula. What formulas do you see at work in the types of films you choose to watch? Do they follow the pattern outlined in this video? Do you prefer films that stick to tried and true patterns or those that stretch the boundaries of audience expectation?

Censored or Censured

MPAA film ratings are supposed to be informative and help parents decide what films to allow their children to view. However, some people, including director of the documentary This Film Is Not Yet Rated Kirby Dick, have argued that MPAA ratings are inconsistent, arbitrary and constitute censorship based on the personal prejudices of the MPAA's anonymous rating board. The MPAA rating board avoids naming specific objectionable content, claiming that doing so would make them a censoring body; however, others contend that severely limiting a film's viewing audience by awarding a NC-17 rating constitutes censorship as well, particularly when the board refuses to make clear to film directors what content they might cut to obtain the more desirable R rating.

Consider the sexual content and graphic violence in the films we have viewed this semester (particularly Fight Club, 300, Requiem for a Dream, Precious, and even the documentary under discussion). All of these films were rated R with the exception of Requiem for a Dream which was released NR, or not rated, but even Aronovsky ultimately bent to the will of the MPAA by cutting a 6-second shot, specifically the arial view in what is known as the "ass-to-ass" scene to obtain an R rating, so the film could be released in an edited version that movie rental chains would carry. Do these 6 seconds warrant the difference between an audience allowed to view, purchase, or rent the film with parental consent versus those completely restricted from the film, at least in the public sphere? Another good example is a film we did not watch in class this semester--Kevin Smith's debut film Clerks. While it contains no violence, nudity, or visible sex acts, Clerks was also originally given the NC-17 rating due to sexual language, but director Kevin Smith appealed and won the more desirable R rating.

Films, TV shows, video games, and music are the only art forms with censoring labels. You won't find NC-17 labels on the back of Playboy magazine, erotic literature, paintings, sculptures, photography, etc. In fact, much of classic art depicts explicit nudity, even sex and violence. Consider the classic literary works Lolita, Lady Chatterly's Lover, Tropic of Cancer; almost all of Greek sculpture including Venus de Milo and the David, paintings by artists such as Picaso, Dali, Goya; even religious works including the Bible and the Koran.

So why is film different? To what extent are rating systems censorship and thereby unconstitutional? Could the rating system be amended to make it more constitutional? Should we have a rating system at all?

Liar, Liar, Pants on Fire

The film The Invention of Lying ultimately argues that lies are necessary and even perhaps good, that they enrich our lives in meaningful ways, that they bring us happiness and peace. Bruce Muzik in his TEDx Talk "The BIG Secret Nobody Wants to Tell" argues the opposite. He posits that we are all liars but challenges us to own up to our lies, to expose ourselves for who we really are to the world, and that only through this process of pure honesty can we find peace and happiness and a sense of "aliveness."

Consider your own opinions about the truth and about lies. What role does each play in your life, in our world? Are lies necessary to our existence? Can we ever be truly "authentic" as liars? What would our world look like without lies? Would you want to live in that world?

As you consider these questions, conduct an experiment to test your beliefs on this issue. Try to go one full day (24 hours) without telling a single lie or practicing deceit in any way. Or, if you prefer, keep track of the falsehoods you tell, however big or small, and analyze your motives. Why do you lie?

Use the results of your experiment to support your answers to the question above.

Anti-Intellectualism: The Death of America?

Future Leaders of the World

It's no secret that Americans are getting dumber by the decade. Not only is the intelligence of the average American waning, Americans celebrate their own stupidity. As a nation whose average college-educated citizens can only read at a fifth grade level, we are continually finding new ways to dumb down just about everything. In fact, even as standardized tests are intentionally made easier so Americans can appear smarter to each other and the rest of the world, average test scores are still declining. Some argue that right-wing conservatives have a calculated agenda against education, commonly referred to as anti-intellectualism. The theory goes that the rich and powerful, because of their desire to remain rich and powerful, have a vested interest in keeping the rest of the country ignorant and powerless.

Consider Paul Krugman's argument in last Thursday's New York Times, for example. He argues that there is a war on education. One facebooker responded to Krugman this way:

          There's a vested interest in keeping America dumb. It strengthens the class divide, which I assume
          the majority of those on the more economically gluttonous would prefer. It makes the majority of
          average Americans more easily persuaded to vote against their own best interests. And if I recall
          correctly, a large percentage of the armed services comes from poor, disadvantaged and otherwise
          under-serviced segments of society. Couching even part of this invitation to willful ignorance - even
          active disdain of smart or educated people - in *religion* concerns the bejeezus out of me.

You might disagree with Krugman's argument. But what if he and millions of other Americans who believe there is an anti-intellectualism conspiracy afoot are right? 

More and more often teachers labeled as "hard" or "tough graders" are being censured by apathetic and falsely entitled students who think they should "get" (as opposed to earning)  A's or at least passing grades simply for showing up to class and turning "something" in for homework assignments. Students are more likely to view college as a place you "buy" a degree than as a place where learning takes place as their critical and creative thinking skills are honed for the purpose of inventing new ideas and creating new knowledge. When many students claim that the most superficial analyses are just "reading too much into it," whatever "it" may be at the time, how will we ever raise a nation of thinkers?

While education is, for the most part, intrinsically linked to social class and individual economic success, our political leaders are slashing education budgets and student financial aid. Meanwhile, the cost of a college education has risen almost 500% over the last 30 years while the national rate of inflation for other goods and services has only been 115% since that time (Inflation Data). Thirty years ago, the average American citizen could expect to earn a degree s/he could afford without incurring mounting debt and that degree all but guaranteed that individual a job that earned a salary that would support a middle class existence. Now, tuition soars higher every year, more and more students must take out loans as financial aid is cut, and that degree gives its owner no guarantee of a job at all much less one that would sustain a middle class lifestyle.

Who's fault is all this?

If our nation is going to derail its current trajectory toward the world Mike Judge depicts in his scathing satire Idiocracy, everyone of us must commit ourselves to our own, individual educations, whether that is in a college or books we check out from the local library or free online lectures from TED, MIT Open Courseware, Academic Earth, and others where the world's most intelligent minds share their knowledge for free. A renewed passion for intellectualism might be the only thing that will save our country from this bleak fate.

What is your attitude about education and the future of our country? If the Joe Bauers (aka Not Sure) of this world remained steeped in apathy and ignorance, what will become of us? What will become of your children, of their children and their children's children?

I am Joe's philosophical ponderings.

Whether intentional or not, art reflects the morals, beliefs, and values of those that create it. By analyzing films through various perspectives (or theoretical lenses), we can discover what beliefs about humanity a work of art espouses. In class, you looked at Fight Club through a specific theoretical lens and attempted, with the help of your classmates, to analyze the film with a specific goal in mind. Some of you looked at the film through a gender studies lens in order to discover what messages the film sends about masculinity and feminity, or what it means to be a man versus a woman. Some examined the film for its emotional impact, uncovering how various elements of the film worked together to create specific emotional effects. Yet others analyzed the film from the theoretical perspective of a humanist for some moral, philosophical, or social statement. Now, we turn our attention to the film’s politics.

Dennis Petrie and Joseph Boggs aregue in The Art of Watching Films that "all movies are ultimately statements about the struggle for power between economic classes" (356). Both the novel and the film Fight Club showcase a world in which extreme tensions exist between capitalism and socialism and between materialism and naturalism. From a Marxist perspective, this tension becomes even more prevalent. Consider the novel and the film adaptation in light of Karl Marx’s theories about society, economics and politics. To what extent does the novel advocate capitalism? To what extent does it advocate socialism? Which characters represent which extremes? And can we draw definite conclusions about the message the author sends on this issue? To help you better answer these questions, refer to "The Film as political Statement" discussion on pp. 355-356 of your textbook.

Finally, what is your position on this issue? Do you agree with the overarching message the film sends? Why or why not?

A Question of Fidelity

Can a film adapttaion be good even if it deviates from the work it was based on?

Some people believe that in order for a film adaptation to be “good,” it must be faithful to the original work. Some filmmakers adhere to this philosophy. Kenneth Branagh, whose film adaptations of several of Shakespeare’s play have aimed for a strict adherence to the original work, is an excellent example. However, many experts strongly disagree. William Goldman says, “There has never in the history of the world been a movie that’s really been like the book.” Deborah Cartmell and Imelda Whelehan make a similar argument in The Cambridge Companion to Literature on Screen: “Explicit in all these works is a desire to free our notion of film adaptations from this dependency on literature so that adaptations are not derided as sycophantic, derivative, and therefore inferior to their literary counterparts.” In fact, most people will typically argue that “the book is better” when discussing film adaptations. In considering this debate more analytically, now with a better understanding of the artistic differences between these mediums and the limitations of each, which camp are you in?

A series of questions arises from this debate that can help us consider this question in more depth and thereby help us defend our individual positions. First, of course, should fidelity to the original work be the foremost concern of a film adaptation? Is an accurate depiction of an original story whether fiction or nonfiction more important than the artistic and interpretive retelling of that story? Does translating a story from one medium into another necessitate change to the story itself? How much of a story’s integrity can be maintained when retelling it in a new medium? Should this even be a concern at all? In responding to these questions, consider the film Adaptation as well as other film adaptations that you have viewed.

The Will Ferrell Experiment

In The Art of Watching Films, Dennis Petrie and Joseph Boggs claim that “One of the most difficult prejudices to overcome is that which leads us to dismiss certain categories of films,” and we certainly can acknowledge the veracity of at least half of that claim. We make decisions about what we like and dislike oftentimes based on limited experiences, and we then allow ourselves to be guided almost entirely by those snap judgments. One person catches twenty minutes of an old black and white film as an adolescent and then categorically rejects black and white films from his future movie choices. Another is forced to endure an annual television viewing of The Sound of Music with her family and, having heard “Do-Re-Mi” a few hundred too many times, refuses to ever see a musical again. We make similar judgments about actors, directors, and styles of film. But are we really ensuring that we don’t waste time watching movies we know we’ll hate, or are we limiting our opportunities to experience different worldviews, potentially great art, or even just some great entertainment? When we limit ourselves based on the film prejudices we’ve developed throughout our lives, what are we missing out on?

Once upon a time, I hated Will Ferrell. Well, “hate” is a strong word, but I certainly did not appreciate his style of humor. "He's stupid," I thought. (Real mature attitude there, teach.) I refused to watch any movie he played a major role in. Then one day, I decided to give him another chance. I was bored and has time to kill. I couldn’t find anything that grabbed my attention at the video store, so I rent a copy of Elf. 

That was eight years ago, and to this day, Elf remains part of my annual Christmas movie marathon. In fact, I usually watch it at least twice every holiday season. After that, I was open to viewing more Will Ferrell films, and Stranger Than Fiction joined my list of all-time favorite movies as well. What if I had continued to let my prejudice dictate my movie choices? I would have missed out on some of my favorite entertainment, not to mention a profoundly intellectual and philosophical insight into two of my favorite mediums of entertainment—film and literature. Now when I catch myself dismissing a movie because of a particular actor, I refer to my Will Ferrell experiment as a reminder that my original assumptions may not be correct. In fact, I have to tell myself this every time I see that Rene Zellwegger in a film. (She's sooooo annoying!) I haven't given up on her, but she has failed to win me over yet.

Consider you own film prejudices. Before watching Stranger Than Fiction, what did you expect from the film? What did you expect the experience of watching the film to be like? How well did you expect to enjoy the movie? Did your preconceived beliefs about the film change after watching it? Why or why not?

Like literature, music, or any art other form, some movies are created with the primary purpose of entertainment while others are meant to be more artistic and profound. But every film has the potential to be both entertaining and enlightening if we are willing to suspend our personal prejudices and approach it analytically. Some people believe that analysis voids our ability to enjoy a book, a song, or even a movie, but the opposite is actually true. Analysis deepens our appreciation and allows us to sharpen our judgments. With this understanding, contrast your personal opinion with your analysis of Stranger Than Fiction. In what ways is your personal opinion of the movie different from your professional opinion of it? In other words, how well did the film measure up to your individual standards vs. how well it stood up under artistic scrutiny?

Not Another Award-Winning Movie?

A Trailer for Every Academy Award Winning Movie Ever -- powered by Cracked.com

Describe your initial reaction to the trailer.  Did you like it? Dislike it? Agree? Disagree? Was it funny? A waste of your time? Would you repost it on facebook because it was so incredibly awesome?

Now analyze your response to the parody.  If you like it, why? If you felt it was a complete waste of your time, why? If you found it funny, what made it so?

Finally, what elements of the trailer resonate truths that are congruent with your own beliefs about the film industry? The “Award-Winning Movie Trailer” operates under the assumption that the “best” films all follow the same predictable storytelling patterns, that creating an award-winning movie is really more about following a formula. (Keep this in mind later when we watch Adaptation.) It satirizes academy award-winning movies in a similar way as movies like Scary Movie, Not another Teen Movie, and Dance Flick satirize their more serious counterparts by mocking the formula. What formulas do you see at work in the types of films you choose to watch? Do they follow the pattern outlined in this video? Do you prefer films that stick to tried and true patterns or those that stretch the boundaries of audience expectation? 

Color Vs. Black & White

In theory, everything is clearer in black and white. Most people try to reduce important issues this way. Two sides. Pro/Con. Black/White. But when we analyze any issue, we see that it has much more depth and breadth, that the issue is full of gray areas and certainly some colorful sides we might never have imagined upon first glance.

While Clerks is a black and white film, it is certainly populated by a colorful cast of characters who present issues that are anything but strictly black and white. Why film such a colorful cast and their controversial, sometimes offensive discussions in black and white? Wouldn't color film stock better illustrate the various shades and hues of these characters' lives?

In class, we have discussed personal prejudices against black and white films, and we have read what the experts think about it. While Kevin Smith made the decision to use black and white film stock based on the limitations of his budget, arguments can still be made about what the lack of color adds to or takes away from the film. Based on what you now know about visual design and cinematic use of color discuss the benefits or detriments of Smith's choice to use black and white film stock in light of its contribution to one or more narrative element (plot, character development, or theme).

Prevalent Themes in Aronofsky's Requiem for a Dream

Darren Aronofsy's film adaptation of Requiem for a Dream deals with the destructive nature of addiction. It is easy to identify a theme here, some may even be tempted to say the theme. But other themes worthy of deeper investigation and discussion are present in the film as well, including the unattainability of the American dream and (if viewed in light of Aronofsky's entire body of work) obsession as catalyst for insanity.

Choose one of the film's theme to analyze. Articulate that theme as something more than the broad ideas listed above. Remember that a theme is something more than a moral or maxim for living; it is a complex argument about some idea that a literary work expresses subtly through its many nuances of character, plot, symbolism, etc. Examine how the film conveys that theme through its use of literary and cinematic conventions and how that theme is handled in comparison or contrast to other works of film and/or literature.

For Better or Worse: The Profound Impact of Art

Art is often created for the purpose of promoting social change. Other times, it causes change accidentally or in ways not intended by the artist. Consider, for example, Upton Sinclair's famous novel The Jungle. Sinclair meant for the novel to serve as social criticism, highlighting the plight of the American working class. Because his novel forced the American public to view uncensored the abject living and working conditions of the country's poverty-stricken citizens, then president Roosevelt authorized inspections which led to changes that eventually evolved into what is known today as the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). While not exactly the kind of change Sinclair had in mind when he self-published his novel over a century ago, this one artistic work caused change that still affects us in profound ways today.

It is highly doubtful that director Zack Snyder had such lofty intentions for his film 300. The controversies that arose in discussions about the film certainly didn't seem to indicate any postive changes for the US. In interviews, Snyder consistently denied any political agenda in light of current events and US relations with the Middle East. While his own political views likely influenced the creation of the film (in the way that our beliefs influence everything we do), we must either choose to take him at his word or not. Regardless of his intentions, the film definitely caused quite a stir around the world in light of the US occupation of multiple Middle Eastern countries including Iran. This particular work of art took on a life of its own. After all, once a film is released, the director cannot control how it will be interpreted by its many audiences. 300 certainly proved this. The film was praised for its high visual impact and special effects and criticized for such disparate reasons as mimicking the style of video games and being racist war propaganda. Somewhere in the middle of all that brouhaha Snyder's controversial film was contributing to serious political turmoil by poisoning the minds of Iranians against the US.

In the article "300 Sparks an Outcry in Iran" featured in Time magazine just a few days after the film's release, Azadeh Moaven describes the political unrest 300 caused half a world away from its release in the US for the citizens of a country already in conflict with the United States. Imagine you were native-born citizen of Iran, Iraq, or even Afghanistan and you became aware of the monstrous portrayals of Persians in this American film. How would you react?

Conduct some internet research and find other films that have had a significant impact on US society. Considering the two examples discussed as well as others you know of or discovered through research examples of how narratives, both film and literature, have impacted the political climate of the US, how sensitive do you think directors should be to the social and political ramifications of the work they produce?

Stranger Than...Allegory?

Allegory is a form of symbolism in which all elements of a story are symbolic. Plato's "Allegory of the Cave" is one of the most famous allegories that investigates the nature of knowledge and why many people choose to remain ignorant.

After reading Plato's allegory and conducting some online research to better understand this concept and how it is applied to literary works, explain how Stranger Than Fiction can be interpreted allegorically in light of the timeless debate of free will versus fate, defined as "the development of events beyond a person's control, regarded as determined by a supernatural power."

Censured or Censored?

MPAA film ratings are supposed to be informative and help parents decide what films to allow their children to view. However, some people, including director of the documentary This Film Is Not Yet Rated Kirby Dick, have argued that MPAA ratings are inconsistent and arbitrary and constitute censorship based on the personal prejudices of the MPAA's anonymous rating board. The MPAA rating board avoids naming specific objectionable content, claiming that doing so would make them a censoring body; however, others contend that severely limiting a film's viewing audience by awarding a NC-17 rating constitutes censorship as well, particularly when the board refuses to make clear to film directors what content they might cut to obtain the more desirable R rating.

Consider the sexual content and graphic violence of 300 and Requiem for a Dream and the language used in Clerks, all R rated films. Requiem for a Dream was released NR, or not rated, but ultimately bent to the will of the MPAA by cutting a 6-second shot, specifically the arial view in what is known as the ass-to-ass scene to obtain an R rating, so the film could be released in an edited version that movie rental chains would carry the film. Do these 6 seconds warrant the difference between an audience allowed to view, purchase, or rent the film with parental consent versus those completely restricted from the film, at least in the public sphere? While it contains no violence, nudity, or visible sex acts, Clerks was also originally given the NC-17 rating, but director Kevin Smith appealed and won the more desirable R rating.

Film, TV shows, video games, and music are the only art forms with censoring labels. You won't find NC-17 labels on the back of Playboy magazine, erotic literature, paintings, sculptures, photography, etc. In fact, much of classic art depicts explicit nudity, even sex and violence. (Consider the classic literary works Lolita, Lady Chatterly's Lover, Tropic of Cancer; almost all of Greek sculpture including Venus de Milo and the David, paintings by artists such as Picaso, Dali, Goya; even religious works including the Bible and the Koran.

So why is film different? To what extent are rating systems censorship and thereby unconstitutional? Could the rating system be amended to make it more constitutional? Should we have a rating system at all?

Gratuitous?: Sex and Nudity in Film

As you've been reading in your textbook, costumes, setting, visual design, cinematography and special effects should not be used for some independent artistic effect but rather each should contribute to the purpose of the film as a unified whole. This principle applies not only to production design and cinematography, but to the content of the film as well.

Nudity and and portrayals of sexual acts are one of the primary sources of controversy in film. In order to resolve such controversies, film critics often debate whether such scenes are gratuitous. The two scenes that might spark such debate in Requiem for a Dream are the sex scene between Tyrone and his girlfriend and what is usually referred to as the ass-to-ass scene near the end of the film. Controversy over the latter scene is what also led to the film's release as unrated. The director was forced to tame down the final scene for the R-rated (censored) version that was released. Consider both of these scenes and determine whether each is gratuitous. Then compare the sex and nudity in Requiem for a Dream with that in 300.

Have these directors used sex as manipulative marketing strategy, cheap titillation to draw and audience? Or are the sex scenes and nudity necessary to the plot of the film? What, if anything, is contributed to our understanding of character or theme? Or think of it conversely. What, if anything, is lost from the overarching purpose of the film as a unified whole if these scenes are cut?

Film and Current Events

Both films and works of literature (as well as all other art forms) are often interpreted in light of the social, economic, and political state surrounding their production and release. A 2007 New York Times article discusses one such controversy sparked by Zack Snyder's production of 300. After reading the article, do you believe that the film should be understood in light of the US's relations with the Middle East at the time of the film's release.

It is indeed difficult to ignore the parallels between the film and then current events. Five years after 9/11, there was seemingly no end in sight to US occupations in the Middle East.

Many Americans believed that American freedoms were at stake. Unified by pride and patriotism, we sent our soldiers to fight a an inhuman enemy (terror). Similarly, the Spartans face Xerxes, the god-king, whose army is certainly portrayed in the film as a terrorist force, striking fear and threatening a democratic state with slavery or destruction. Like the Spartans, "Freedom!" was our cry as we marched off to a state of undeclared war.

Should such parallels be ignored? Are there dangers to entertaining such analyses? Are there dangers to disregarding them?

Stranger Than Fiction

A product of postmodernism, Stranger Than Fiction is moreso an excellent example of postmodern literature than postmodern film, although strong arguments could be made for both. Considering the diverse and sometimes quite disparate definitions of postmodernism you come across on the Web, in what ways does the film accomplish the aims of postmodern art?

In light of its postmodern qualities, what is the purpose of the film? In other words, what message does the film aim to communicate to its audience and why?

Finally, why begin a class that takes a narrative medium such as film as its focus of study with this particular film? In what ways can Stranger Than Fiction help us better understand the narrative strategies of both mediums: film and literature?

As you consider these questions, you might want to visit the STF website and review the movie trailer again. As your textbook suggests, the best practice for analyzing film is to view a film multiple times. You might have seen this film prior to our in-class viewing for strictly entertainment purposes. You all watched the film in class with the intention of beginning to analyze its literary and cinematic elements. You should attempt to view the film again in order to deepen that analysis by thinking further and more critically about the judgments you have made.